What is Aortic Insufficiency?
The aortic valve controls the passage of blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the aorta, the main artery. Aortic insufficiency is a heart valve disorder that occurs when the aortic valve fails to function properly. The aortic valve, composed of three leaflets, allows blood to flow from the heart into the aorta. When these leaflets do not work adequately, some of the blood that the heart pumps into the aorta leaks back into the heart. This backflow occurs because the aortic valve does not close completely.
Causes of Aortic Insufficiency
Several conditions can lead to aortic insufficiency, including:
- Aortic Valve Deficiencies: The aortic valve, shaped like a half-moon, consists of three leaflets. These leaflets may become damaged or weakened, preventing the valve from opening and closing properly. When the valve doesn’t close fully, blood meant for the aorta leaks back into the heart. Factors leading to this leaflet damage include aging, rheumatic fever (which can cause inflammation of the valve), heart lining infections, plaque buildup in the arteries, and congenital disorders.
- Aortic Root Dilation: The aortic root, the starting point of the aorta, may widen, preventing the leaflets of the aortic valve from closing completely. This dilation can lead to aortic insufficiency.
Symptoms of Aortic Insufficiency
Not all patients with aortic insufficiency experience the same symptoms. Some may have mild symptoms, while others may experience more severe ones. The severity of the condition, the patient’s overall health, and genetic factors can influence the manifestation of symptoms, which include:
- Shortness of Breath: Due to the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to the body, patients may experience shortness of breath, especially during exercise or while lying down.
- Fatigue and Dizziness: Insufficient blood flow means the body may not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, leading to feelings of weakness and fatigue.
- Heart Palpitations: The heart, working harder to compensate for the insufficient blood flow, may develop irregular heartbeats and palpitations.
- Chest Pain: As the heart exerts more effort to pump blood, patients may feel chest pain, pressure, or a sense of tightness.
- Dizziness: Inadequate blood flow to the brain may cause dizziness or light-headedness.
- Swelling in the Feet and Legs: Swelling may occur in the feet and legs due to insufficient blood circulation.
- Fainting: In some cases, fainting episodes may occur.
Patients experiencing symptoms or suspecting aortic insufficiency should consult their doctor for early diagnosis and treatment to prevent further progression of the condition.
